BackgroundSafeguarding the right to die according to the principles of autonomy and freedom of each person has become more important in the last decade, therefore increasing regulation of Euthanasi...

The present work attempts to evaluate in what manner the Marian virtues marked out throughout the Middle Ages with respect to women, contribute powerfully to the dignification of women and their redemption from the traditional accusations that they are a perverting influence on humanity.

We argue that quantum theory does not allow for a generalization of the notion of classical conditional probability by showing that the probability defined by the Lüders rule, standardly interpreted in the literature as the quantum-mechanical conditionalization rule, cannot be interpreted as such.

This paper is a critical analysis and overview of body image conceptualization and its scope and limits within the field of eating disorders up to the present day. In addition, a concept ofemotional bodily experienceis advanced in an attempt to shift towards a more comprehensive and multidimensional perspective for thelived bodyof these patients. It mainly considers contributions from phenomenology, embodiment theories and a review of the empirical findings that shed light on the emotional bodily experience in eating disorders. It proposes (...) an ‘embodied defense’ that leads patients to experiencing their own bodies as objects. This proposal highlights the need for new psychotherapeutic tools in the treatment ofeds that take into account the bodily resonance of emotions and their use for improving adaptive responses to the environment: it calls for helping patients to recover the subjective experience of their bodies. (shrink)

In the Leviathan, power can be understood in two different senses, which are carefully discriminated in its Latin version by the use of the terms potentia and potestas to translate, depending on the context and the type of power concerned, the English power. Potentia and potestas, although types of power of a different nature – one, the physical power that bodies have to take effect on each other; the other, the juridical power, out of which legal effects as justice itself (...) come about –, are mutually implicated in the intertwining of juridical representations. This article aims to explore the consequences that follow from this ambivalent concept of power to think about justice and natural right. (shrink)

The present paper stems from the biosemiotic modelling of individual artificial cognition proposed by Ferreira and Caldas (2012) but goes further by introducing the concept of Umwelt Overlap. The introduction of this concept is of fundamental importance making the present model closer to natural cognition. In fact cognition can only be viewed as a purely individual phenomenon for analytical purposes. In nature it always involves the crisscrossing of the spheres of action of those sharing the same environmental bubble. Plus, the (...) incorporation of that concept is vital to understand the complex semiosis that sustains collective tissues, societies, regulating collective cognition and consequently cooperative action. The concept of Umwelt Overlap broadens the range of applicability of the previous model to several distinct domains allowing for example for its application to multi-agent cooperative autonomous systems. In this paper a Middle Size League RoboCup soccer team is used as an example of a possible application. (shrink)

"Meaning, the complex phenomenon of individuation and the definition of identity are the core theme of this work. Grounded on a theoretical framework that gives particular emphasis to the semiotic process common to all forms of cognition, human cognitionis conceived here as specific of organisms that, in the course of their interactions, produce symbolic forms, defining the specific physical, social and cultural environments in which they evolve. Individuation, inherent to that semiotic process, is complex and double-sided. It involves, on one (...) hand, the definition of semantic identities and their acknowledgment as world objects naming; on the other hand, it comprehends the specific lexical and morphosyntactic strategies different languages have found todesignate particular entities referring. The definition of world objects and its symbolic translation presents variations from language to language. In the second part of the book, we define what we have called a 'structure-motivated ontology' to represent how this symbolic translation is accomplished in English and European Portuguese. Plus, we try to show how the nature of this symbolic translation affects structural realisation, namely the individuation of reference and the construal of 'one-off referring' expressions."--Publisher's description. (shrink)

O artigo trata da famosa nota do ensaio Dos Caracteres Nacionais, na qual Hume afirma suspeitar que os negros são inferiores aos brancos. No lugar de perguntar o quanto o racismo expresso na nota penetra na obra, como se costuma fazer, coloca-se outra questão: o que Hume tem a dizer sobre o conteúdo da nota, levando em conta seu contexto de enunciação? Como ele situa no ensaio Dos Caracteres nacionais o seu próprio racismo? A partir de uma análise do ensaio (...) e da nota, pretende-se mostrar que a filosofia de Hume oferece os elementos e os conceitos precisos para que se compreenda o conteúdo da nota como um preconceito europeu. (shrink)

La agencia moral kantiana ha sido la base teórica para los fundamentos morales y jurídicos de la autonomía de la voluntad. Sin embargo, las neurociencias han demostrado que la agencia racional kantiana resulta un traje de difícil calce para el sujeto contemporáneo, de modo que la evidencia nos hace cuestionarnos acerca de sus repercusiones en el ámbito del derecho. Este trabajo trata en primer lugar de constatar las diferencias existentes entre la agencia kantiana y aquella que muestran los estudios neurocientíficos, (...) y, en segundo lugar, reflexionar si esta disonancia pudiera ser problemática para el derecho, y las razones esgrimidas para ello. (shrink)

Con el presente estudio se pretende analizar el conjunto de fotografías incluidas en la obra Causa General. La dominación roja en España. Avance de la información instruida por el Ministerio Público, publicada por el Ministerio de Justica en diciembre del año 1943, para averiguar su posible influencia en el constructo del imaginario colectivo.De dicha obra se desprenden tres conceptos que serán las imágenes asociadas a aquel período: la anarquía, la persecución de la iglesia y la vinculación del gobierno republicano a (...) Rusia. Así como la idea transversal de la inevitabilidad del golpe de Estado. (shrink)

Stemming from Uexkull’s fundamental concepts of Umwelt and Innenwelt as developed in the biosemiotic approach of Ferreira 2010, 2011, the present work models mathematically the semiosis of cognition and proposes an artificial cognitive architecture to be deployed in a robotic structure.

El proceso de Ibn al-Japó ha pasado a la historia debido a la personalidad del incul-pado. La mayoría de las opiniones coinciden en declarar la acusación y el proceso como un simulacro para conseguir su muerte, pues la acusación de alta traición, por las cir-cunstancias que incidieron en el caso, no iba a conseguir el objetivo propuesto. Por esta razón se buscaron otros motivos con que inculparle y que permitieran perseguirlo y con-denarlo en cualquier parte del Islam, por eso estas (...) acusaciones sólo podían responder a delitos de lesa religión. Y se encontraron. Las acusaciones que se analizan en este traba-jo figuran en varios textos, en al-Marqaba al-`ulya y en las obras de al-Maqqari, algunos de ellos no traducidos hasta ahora. En el desarrollo de las actuaciones se observan irregu-laridades procesales, pero tanto en Granada como en Fez, la condena se centra en la figu-ra del zindiq cuya sentencia final fue la pena de muerte. ABSTRACT The trial of Ibn al-Khatib has left its mark on history because of the personality of the accused. Most scholars in the past Nave thought that his accusation and subsequent trial on religious grounds were no more than excuses intended to bring about his death, as a trial for high treason would, for various reasons, not have been possible. For this he had to be accused of crimes against religion as this was the only sure way of mounting a successful case against him. The accusations analysed here are taken from a variety of sources including Al-Marqaba al- `ulyá and the works of al-Maqqari, some of which have not been translated before. We notice procedural irregularities in the course of the trial, but both in Granada and in Fez the focus is on the zinddq who is 6nally condemned to death. (shrink)

Resenha sobre 'Maquiavelianas' de Sérgio Cardoso.

Pascal concebe a ordem civil como uma ordem da concupiscência, isto é, uma ordem produzida e regulada pela concupiscência. Ao dispensar a virtude de ser o fundamento da ordem civil, ele não promove, contudo, a separação entre a política e a moral, mas assinala um novo e problemático papel para a virtude no interior da ordem civil - não mais o de produzi-la, mas o de julgá-la de modo apropriado. Pascal conceives the civil order as an order of conscupiscence, that (...) is, an order produced and regulated by concupiscence. However, when exempting virtue from being the source of civil order, he does not advance the separation between politics and morals, but signals a new and problematic role to virtue in the interior of civil order - no more the role of producing it, but of judging it properly. (shrink)

La Constitución de 1978 se ha convertido ya en el segundo texto de más larga duración en nuestra historia contemporánea, sólo superada por la Constitución de 1876, vigente durante cuarenta y siete años. Sin embargo, la situación real de una y otra no es comparable. Durante la vigencia del texto actual España ha sido modelo de significativos cambios, en la que se han dado muestras de prudencia y audacia, a la vez.

Though advertising is a massive and global mechanism of communication, regionally it might provide possibilities to explore constructions of past perspectives of particular communities. Thus, the article considers advertising as evidence of collective memory and as part of the ‘realms of memory’, as understood by Pierre Nora and Jacques Le Goff. It, then, analyzes the advertising campaign for Pilsen made by the local painter Humberto Chaves, which was published in the newspaper El Colombiano during the 1940s. It is possible to (...) consider advertising within the realms of memory because it is a material entity that becomes part of the heritage of a community, revealing customs, ways of being and acting, and ways of understanding reality and everyday life. Therefore, the article explores, first, the geographic, advertising, and theoretical-conceptual context. Then, it selects and identifies the advertisements from a collection of the primary source. Finally, through analyzing the selected advertisements, it concludes that both the graphic and textual languages, and both the discourses of advertising and graphic design are social, cultural, political, and economical elements that reveal an identity, a cultural ethos, and a regional collective memory. (shrink)

Tras una breve introducción destinada a recordar las grandes líneas del pensamiento de plotiniano, el trabajo analiza tres modos de conocimiento o de aprehensión que caracterizan los tres niveles de la realidad o hipóstasis. En el nivel de la inteligencia, nous, al que se denomina nivel noético, se verifica un tipo de conocimiento genuino, que es el autoconocimiento. En el nivel del alma, psiché, nivel dianoético, se da un conocimiento de tipo discursivo que sólo en sentido secundario y derivado es (...) conocimiento de sí. Por fin, en el nivel de lo Uno, tó ghén, nivel supranoético, puede hablarse de un conocimiento de sí solo en sentido traslaticio y “eminencial”, puesto que el primer principio de la realidad, que es absoluta unidad, al no tener duplicidad alguna, en sentido estricto no puede tener pensamiento, ni siquiera de sí mismo, pero, al mismo, no es algo inherte, si no absoluta plenitud. El trabajo intenta mostrar cómo Plotino se apoya en el tipo de conocimiento de la inteligencia, que le sirve de punto nodal, para articular los tres modos de conocimiento y para caracterizar un “infra-autoconocimiento”, el del alma, y un “supra-autoconocimiento”, el de lo Uno. (shrink)

Borges, un escritor ecuménico en los bordes insondables del infinito del otro. Borges, un pensador del tiempo que lo acompaña en una oscuridad que ilumina. Un artista que el mismo tiempo se aventura a perpetuar. Un filósofo que soslaya la palabra cuya adivinanza nos seduce al límite de lo innombrable. Un ser donde la ética es su obra. De esta obra en la cual se refleja su ética, o de esa ética donde su obra es la autora, es de lo (...) que nos atrevemos a disertar. (shrink)

En el presente artículo analizamos la Internet desde su origen hasta la actualidad considerándola como una unidad integrada por otras tecnologías de comunicación e información, donde todos tienen la posibilidad de hablar. A partir de esta condición inicial dividimos el análisis en dos direcciones: la red como tecno-capitalismo, y la red como «comunista», «comunitaria», «solidaria», «socialista», «democrática».

El estudio comparativo de la Ley de Prensa de Brasil y la ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual de Argentina es el análisis empírico de la construcción de un paradigma en la teoría de la comunicación basado en el estudio de la filosofía de G. W. Leibniz, tomando como pilares la filosofía y teoría de la comunicación de Jürgen Habermas y las ideas de complejidad y paradigma de Edgar Morin.

Este texto pretende indicar que a teoria da soberania hobbesiana não tem por função resolver, a favor da razão, um conflito entre ela e as paixões anti-sociais, mas um desnível entre o cálculo prudencial e racional, entre os planos dos fatos e de sua expressão verbal, ou entre dois modos de o pensamento se colocar a serviço das paixões.

A noção de conatus desempenha na física hobbesiana um papel inequívoco: o de.explicar as determinações de um movimento sem recorrer à idéia de uma potencialidade ou inclinação para o movimento. Nossa questão consiste em saber se a noção de conatus cumpre a mesma função na teoria das paixões, e, a partir daí, na medida em que respondamos afirmativamente esta questão, trata-se de procurar compreender, minimamente que seja, ao que consiste para Hobbes uma paixão.

RESUMO Trata-se de aproximar Hume e Maquiavel, tomando-os como os expoentes de uma certa corrente não jusnaturalista, formada no início da idade moderna, quanto ao modo de pensar a natureza da lei e, num sentido amplo, a normatividade jurídico-política. Apesar de ter sofrido influência da escola moderna de direito natural, Hume rompe com ela num ponto fundamental - na recusa da noção de pessoa como ponto de partida para pensar a gênese social do ordenamento jurídico-político. No lugar disso, ele pensou (...) essa gênese a partir do jogo das forças sociais e da circulação das opiniões na sociedade, para o que Maquiavel se constituiu numa referência imprescindível. ABSTRACT This paper aims to bring together Hume and Machiavelli by taking both of them as exponents of a certain nonjusnaturalistic current, formed at the beginning of the modern age, which had its own way of thinking the nature of law and, in a broad sense, legal-political normativity. Despite being influenced by the modern school of natural law, Hume breaks with it in a fundamental point - in the refusal of the notion of person as a starting point to think the social genesis of the legal-political order. Instead, he thought of this genesis from the game of social forces and the circulation of opinions in society, for which Machiavelli was an indispensable reference. (shrink)

Pascal conceives the civil order as an order of conscupiscence, that is, an order produced and regulated by concupiscence. However, when exempting virtue from being the source of civil order, he does not advance the separation between politics and morals, but signals a new and problematic role to virtue in the interior of civil order - no more the role of producing it, but of judging it properly.Pascal concebe a ordem civil como uma ordem da concupiscência, isto é, uma ordem (...) produzida e regulada pela concupiscência. Ao dispensar a virtude de ser o fundamento da ordem civil, ele não promove, contudo, a separação entre a política e a moral, mas assinala um novo e problemático papel para a virtude no interior da ordem civil - não mais o de produzi-la, mas o de julgá-la de modo apropriado. (shrink)